The meta-model helps us to find clearer informations.

Distortions

Presuppositions – are assumptions in statements. Challenges:

1. Are you saying that…?
2. Are you assuming that…?

Mind reading – interpretation with no sensory basis. Challenges:

1. How do you know…?
2. What specifically do you mean by (interpretation)…?

Cause-effect – cause effect assumptions in responses. Challenges:

1. How can x make you do y…?
2. What did x do that prompted you to respond y…?

Complex equivelants – Distorted relationship  x means y . Challenges:

1. Does x really mean y…?
2. Are you sure x means y…?

Generalisations

Lost performatives – are unsupported statements. Challenges:

1. According to who…?
2. Who says…?

Modal operators of necessity – “should, ought, must, have to” statements. Challenges:

1. What would happen if you didn’t…? (or did)
2. What stops you from…?

Modal operators of possibility – “can’t, unable, impossible, have to” statements. Challenges move to more flexible language (might, could, possible, can may):

1. What stops you?
2. What would happen if you did…?

Universal qualifiers- “never, always, every , all” statements. Challenges:

1. Always?
2. Everyone?

Deletions

Nominalisations – are abstract nouns. By turning verbs to nouns, the concept become inflexible. De-nominalisation changes something back to an “ongoing” verb. Challenges:

1. What exactly do you mean by [word]?

Unspecified verbs –  generalised verbs may not be clear eg. “hurt, break” statements. Challenges:

1. How specifically did it…?
2. What exactly did …?

Comparative deletions –  comparative words with hidden comparisons. “better than, good, smart” statements. Challenges:

1. Compared to who…?
2. [Better] than what exactly …?

Simple deletions –  simply lost information…. Challenges involve capturing the lost information.

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